Optimization and Formulation of Mixed Niosome/Cyclodextrin Encapsulation Process for Béjaia Propolis Extract

Abstract

This study focuses on the preparation and optimization of a mixed cyclodextrin and niosomal suspension containing propolis extract from the Melbou region. The experimental design was utilized to determine the key parameters influencing encapsulation efficiency and particle size. The extraction yield of propolis was found to be 12.16%. The flavonoid content, specifically quercetin, was quantified using UV-visible analysis. The optimal niosomal suspension exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 34.81% and an average particle size of 557.283 nm, compared to 426.80 nm for the placebo. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability of the encapsulated extract, with significant improvement compared to the unencapsulated extract. The niosomal formulation delayed the onset of mass loss at 220°C, indicating effective preservation of volatile and bioactive components. These findings suggest that niosomal encapsulation can enhance the stability and bioavailability of propolis extract, offering promising applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.