“We Vs. They” And The Polarizing Strategy In Bush's West Point Speech (june 1, 2002): The Securitization Of Iraqi Regime
Keywords:
we, CDA, G. W. Bush administration, Iraqi regime, war on IraqAbstract
This article investigates the manipulation of the pronouns “we” and “they” by President Bush in his West Point speech of June 1, 2002. The US president mobilized these pronominal choices to buttress US claims about Iraqi threat and to legitimize US preventive war against Saddam Hussein's regime whose repercussions culminated in the relinquishment of just war rules. The article focuses on disclosing the ideological implications of these choices through the lens of Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis. It more specifically elucidates how President Bush harnessed these personal pronouns to re-articulate and co-construct the US identity as being the incarnation of absolute good in contradistinction with the identity of the other (Iraqi regime in this context) which was depicted as being synonymous of absolute evil.
References
- Barnett, M. (2016). “American Exceptionalism and the Construction of the War on Terror: An Analysis of Counterterrorism Policies under Clinton, Bush, and Obama.” Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism. 9, 15.
- Bhatia, M. V. (2008). Fighting words: Naming terrorists, bandits, rebels and other violent actors. Third World Quarterly, 26 (1), 8-9.
- Bramley, N. R. (2001). Pronouns of politics: The use of pronouns in the construction of ‘self’ and ‘other’ in political interviews. Doctorate’s Thesis. Australian National University, Australia.
- Burr, V. (1995). An introduction to social constructionism. Sage. Campbell, D. (1998). Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity. Rev. University of Minnesota Press.
- Campbell, R. (2011). The Concept of truth. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Chilton, P. (2004). Analysingpolitical discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge.
- De Fina, Anna. (1995). Pronominal choice, identity, and solidarity in political discourse. Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse,15(3), 380.
- Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman.
- Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity.
- Fukuyama, F. (2006). After the neocons: America at the crossroads. Profile Books Ltd.
- Grant, R. W. (2006). Naming evil, judging evil. The University of Chicago Press.
- Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004).An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.). Hodder Arnold.
- Holtgraves, T. M., & Yoshihisa Kashima. (2008). “Language, Meaning, and Social Cognition.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(1), 73-78.
- Jarratt, S. C. (2006). George W. Bush, "graduation speech at west point (1 June 2002). Voices of Democracy 1.http://doi.org/www.voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/.
- Jaworski, A.,& Coupland, N. (2006). Introduction: Perspectives on discours eanalysis. In Jaworski& N. Coupland (Eds.), Thediscourse reader (2nd ed.).(p. 3). Routledge.
- Judis, J. B. (2004). The folly of empire: What George W. Bush could learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.Oxford University Press.
- Liddicoat, A.J.; Bramley, N.R., Collins, B. Nevile, M., & Rendle-Short, J. (1999). Pronominal choice and group membership in interaction. Australian National University.
- Menand, L. (2002).Faith, hope, and clarity.New Yorker, 98.
- Phillips, L., & Jorgensen, M. (2002).Discourse analysis as theory and method. Sage Publications Ltd.
- Rajkumar, M. (2005). A nuclear triumph for India.Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2005/07/19/nuclear-triumph-for- india-pub-17215.
- Silverman, D. (1987). Communicationand medical Practice: Social relations in the clinic. Arrowsmith.
- Solzhenitsyne, A. I. (1974).The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An experiment in literaryinvestigation. Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney, Harper & Row Publishers.
- Thompson, G. (2004). Introducing functional grammar.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
- Van Dijk, T. (1998). “Opinions and ideologies in the Press.” In Approaches to Media Discourse, ed. by Allan, Bell., and P. Garrett, 25. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Van Dijk, T. (2006) ‘Ideology and Discourse Analysis’.Journal of Political Ideologies,11(2), 115.
- Walzer, M. (2004). Arguing about War. Yale University Press.